Chapter 4  Exchange Traded v.s. OTC (Over The Counter)

金融衍生品有2大类,一类是exchange traded,就类似于你去市场买它,都是明码实价,而且商品规格都很统一。而且这些市场都是被监管部门法条限制。大家比较熟悉的Exchange 有NYSE LIFFE, ICE(Intercontinental exchange), CME(the Chicago Mercantile Exchange Group)等等。

另一类就是OTC(Over The Counter),就是定制的。你觉得现成的市场上的金融衍生品并不能满足你的需求,你要量身定制,量身定制就什么都很灵活,那他的成交价钱也是因产品而定,也不是在exchange市场上标价的。

但这仅是Exchange 和OTC 的差别之一,他们还有的最大的差别就是管理credit信用风险是不一样的。简单的说,OTC市场里,买家和​卖家都要通过一个组织叫The Clearing House。不管你是买还是卖,其实你最后的最终交易对象都是The Clearing House。因为不管是Bank,Fund,Insurance 他们都不想因为交易金融衍生品而增大Credit Exposure,所以大家都面对一个交易对象即简单又安全。

也许你会问,Exchange 和OTC的比例是多少呢,其实3/4市场上的的金融衍生品都是OTC的形式,所以2008金融危机后,监管部门还有国家政府也鼓励提倡OTC也要像 Exchange靠拢,尤其是在减少​Counterparty​ Credit Exposure这方面。那这种提倡的核心就是 Central Counterparty Model。就是银行A和银行B进行OTC Derivatives 的交易,可以通过共同的交易对象比如Swapclear从而提高效率减少Credit Exposure。

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